Only a few have focused on the reproductive biology and potential translocation from mother to offspring ( Sumner, et al. Studies of the biological impacts and responses to C 60 exposure have been limited and, in some cases, contradictory. One of the ENMs that is being used in biomedical and consumer products is fullerene, C 60 ( Aschberger, et al. This study demonstrated that C 60 crosses the placenta at all stages of pregnancy examined, and is transferred to pups via milk.Īpplications of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in nanomedicine include their use in contrast agents, cancer therapeutics, vaccines, and drug delivery, resulting in intentional human exposure as the list of consumer products containing ENMs is rapidly growing. Metabolomics analysis of urine showed that C 60 exposure to pregnant rats impacted the pathways of vitamin B, regulation of lipid and sugar metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Oxidative stress were elevated in female pups of exposed dams. Biomarkers of inflammation, cardiovascular injury and oxidative stress were measured to study the biological impacts of C 60 exposure. Radioactivity remained in blood circulation up to 11 days after C 60 exposure. Elimination of radioactivity was <2% in urine and feces at each time point. Radioactivity was found in placenta and in fetuses of pregnant dams, and in the milk of lactating rats and in pups. Radioactivity was quantitated in over 20 tissues. The percentage of recovered radioactivity in pregnant and lactating rats was highest in liver and lungs. The distribution of radioactivity in pregnant dams was influenced by both the state of pregnancy and time of termination after exposure. Lactating rats were injected on postnatal day 8 and terminated after 24h, 3d or 11d. Pregnant rats were injected on gestation day (GD) 11 (terminated with fetuses after either 24h or 8d), GD15 (terminated after 24h or 4d), or GD18 (terminated after 24h). Rats were administered C 60 (~0.2 mg C 60/kg body weight) or 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-saline vehicle via a single tail vein injection. A comprehensive distribution study was conducted in pregnant and lactating rats exposed to a suspension of uniformly carbon-14 labeled C 60 (C 60).
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